Refugees, Migrants and Universal Health Coverage in Iran: Access Challenges and Policy Options

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

2 Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

3 Assistant Professor of Global Health Studies, Department of Sociology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA

4 Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

10.30476/jhmi.2026.110144.1347

Abstract

Introduction: Refugee and migrant populations are increasing globally, intensifying the need for equitable access to essential health services and progress toward universal health coverage (UHC). Iran hosts large numbers of documented and undocumented refugees and migrants, yet barriers may limit access to care. This debate article aims to synthesize Iran-specific evidence on access challenges and to outline feasible policy options to advance migrant-responsive UHC.
Methods: We conducted an evidence-informed narrative synthesis of Iran-focused peer-reviewed studies and relevant policy/technical documents identified through targeted searches of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, supplemented by reference-list screening and key WHO/UNHCR and national materials. We focused on four domains with comparatively robust Iran-specific evidence and high UHC relevance: primary health care, maternal care, HIV services, and rehabilitation.
Results: Across domains, recurring barriers included language and communication difficulties; cultural mismatches; limited or incomplete insurance coverage and high out-of-pocket payments; low health literacy and unfamiliarity with the health system; stigma and discrimination (particularly in HIV services); and financial and geographic constraints that disrupt continuity of care. Legal status insecurity—especially among undocumented migrants—further delays care-seeking and follow-up. Policy options include expanding affordable insurance with flexible premium payment; strengthening culturally competent care and interpreter support; targeted health-literacy outreach and service navigation through NGOs/community actors; stigma-reduction training and confidentiality safeguards; and subsidised referral pathways for specialised services, including rehabilitation.
Conclusions: Coordinated reforms in financing, culturally responsive service delivery and community-based support can improve access for refugees and migrants and accelerate progress toward UHC in Iran.

Highlights

Mahtab Nikpour: Google Scholar

Abolfazl Raeyat Mohtashami: Google Scholar

Rahim Khodayari Zarnagh: Google Scholar

Keywords

Main Subjects

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Health Management & Information Science
Volume 13, Issue 3
July 2026
Pages 184-193

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